Policy considerations for the safe and equitable integration of Connected and Automated Vehicles

• Synthesised global expert insights to identify seven critical policy themes for CAV-VRU integration. • Novel four-lever policy framework addressing regulation, infrastructure, incentives, and public engagement. • Emphasised the intersection of human-centric design and equity to advance CAV inclusivity. • Highlighted the need for public trust through education and stringent safety standards. Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) offer significant potential to enhance the transport system; however, their implementation faces numerous barriers, including safety risks, ethical dilemmas, equitable road use, and challenges surrounding technology reliability, privacy, and environmental impact. Addressing these concerns is crucial to unlocking the benefits of this technology, particularly in promoting safe and just interactions with vulnerable road users (VRUs). This study consulted fifteen key informants from academic, policy, and operational sectors globally to identify policies that would ensure responsible deployment. Through reflexive thematic analysis, seven key policy themes emerged: implementing regulation and standards; enhancing infrastructure and traffic management for effective integration; integrating with public transport; promoting value-driven approaches to policymaking; enhancing road safety; promoting shared responsibility between automated systems and VRUs; and building public trust and acceptance. Participants highlighted the importance of conservative safety designs for CAVs, advanced infrastructure for VRU-heavy areas, the implementation of reliable sensor technology, and national standards for effective traffic management. Additionally, human-centric design, particularly accessibility for people with disabilities, was reinforced. To facilitate safe and just adoption of this technology, we propose policy recommendations that governments should implement to improve interactions between CAVs and VRUs. These are framed around four key policy levers: regulation, provisions, economic incentives, and exhortation. Each lever offers distinct policy approaches that guide the sustainable development of the technology, ensuring alignment with justice and safety outcomes. Future research should prioritise understanding public perspectives and optimising automated–VRU interactions to support a more equitable transport system.