Antibiotic alternative treatment methods in shrimp aquaculture

Abstract Shrimp aquaculture is a key element of the global seafood sector. However, outbreaks related to bacterial and viral infections pose a serious threat to its productivity and sustainability. While the application of antibiotics has been a long-standing practice of combating these infections, their uncontrolled use has led to antimicrobial resistance, ecological disturbance, and perturbation of the beneficial microbiota. This review critically examines current antibiotic alternatives in shrimp aquaculture, with a particular focus on strategies targeting viral diseases. Emphasis is placed on biological approaches – using probiotics, prebiotics, immunostimulants, phytobiotics (e.g., herbal extracts & essential oils), and dietary interventions – as well as emerging technologies including nanotechnology and phage therapy. By synthesizing recent research, the review highlights eco-friendly, effective methods for enhancing shrimp health and disease resistance. It aims to bridge existing gaps in shrimp immunoprophylaxis and offer a framework for sustainable, antibiotic-free disease management in aquaculture.