Maternal Cigarette Smoke Exposure Does Not Impair Influenza Vaccine Responsiveness in Murine Offspring

In conclusion, immune development was affected by enhanced Th2 activation, but vaccine efficacy was not impaired. These findings suggest that, under the current conditions of CS exposure (duration, route, and timing) and influenza vaccine dose, vaccine-induced immunity may exhibit resilience even in the presence of environmental immune modulators such as maternal CS exposure. However, these unexpected results highlight the need for further investigation into the broader health implications of maternal pollutant exposure, particularly considering how exposure timing, type, and route, as well as vaccine characteristics, may influence immune development and responsiveness. A deeper understanding of these factors is essential to fully elucidating the clinical relevance of maternal pollutant exposure on childhood vaccine efficacy.