Review on microplastic-polymer composite interactions: assessing contaminant adsorption, structural integrity, and environmental impacts

Microplastics, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as significant environmental contaminants due to their persistence and ability to adsorb and transport pollutants. This study explores the sources, classification, and environmental impact of microplastics, with a focus on their interactions with polymer composites. Microplastics serve as carriers for heavy metals, organic pollutants, and pathogens, increasing their bioavailability and potential toxicity. The degradation of polymer composites in microplastic-rich environments contributes to fragmentation, contaminant leaching, and structural deterioration. Strategies for mitigating microplastic-polymer composite contamination include the development of biodegradable materials, surface modifications to reduce contaminant adsorption, and advanced remediation technologies. The findings highlight the urgent need for research, policy interventions, and sustainable material innovations to address the challenges posed by microplastic pollution