Is Training With Animals Needed?

There was a lack of direct evidence for the benefits of LTT and ex vivo animal models over the many alternative simulation modalities available. In addition, no studies specifically linked learning outcomes to the use of LTT or provided any adequate justification for taking the educational benefits of LTT as tacit. Therefore, the use of live animal models in surgical training should only be considered after appropriate weighing of the moral costs involved in doing so and when their benefits clearly outweigh those of other simulation models in terms of educational outcome, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and reusability.