Immunity to <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> and Common Respiratory Viruses at Age 0 to 4 Years After COVID-19 Restrictions
In this cross-sectional study, there was a significant reduction in serum antibodies to S pyogenes and RSV in children aged 3 to 4 years after introduction of NPIs. Equivalent to approximately a 1-year delay in acquisition of immunity, these data suggest a putative biological basis for the 2022 to 2023 upsurge in severe S pyogenes infections in this age group.
Authors
- Μαρία Τσολιά (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-4409)
- Mojca Kolnik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-7295)
- Rebecca Guy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5500-5691)
- Nina A. Schweintzger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2549-5911)
- Shiranee Sriskandan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5214-4941)
- Paul Wellman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-1758)
- Taco W. Kuijpers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-3370)
- Shunmay Yeung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-0850)
- Philipp Agyeman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-5444)
- Marine Mommert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-7756)
- Romain Basmaci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-0002)
- Prita Rughani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-6447)
- Luregn J. Schlapbach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-2598)
- Amutha Anpananthar
- Myrsini Kaforou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-4007)
- Ching‐Fen Shen
- Marieke Emonts (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2822-3527)
- Andrew Taylor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3709-6846)
- Tom Parks (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1163-8654)
- Tisham De (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-0534)
- Effua Usuf
- Dace Zavadska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-3763)
- Colin G. Fink (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-5870)
- Stéphane Paulus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-9114)
- Henriëtte A. Moll (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9304-3322)
- Mark Peters (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-4808)
- Maggie Nyirenda-Nyang’wa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9168-174X)
- Lorenza Romani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4195-6626)
- Leire Estramiana Elorrieta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5066-4284)
- Victoria Wright (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7826-1516)
- Marko Pokorn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-2791)
- Samuel J. Nichols (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6737-0610)
- Samuel Channon‐Wells (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8166-8680)
- Federico Martinón‐Torres (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-581X)
- Katy Fidler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-5205)
- Clementien Vermont
- Marien Isaäk de Jonge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-5895)
- Michael J. Carter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3403-4746)
- Catherine H. Davis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0976-8054)
- Kristin K. Huse (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8989-1863)
- Ulrich von Both (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8411-1071)
- Irene Rivero‐Calle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-9264)
- Jethro Herberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-6491)
- DR Owens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8110-4252)
- Enitan D. Carrol (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8357-7726)
- Aubrey J. Cunnington (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1305-3529)
- Theresa Lamagni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-8323)
- Amelia M. Lias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-7761)
- Shea Hamilton
- Diego Estrada‐Rivadeneyra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-7131)
- Samira Neshat
- Artur Sulik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-4793)
- Michael Levin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2767-6919)
- Michiel van der Flier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-0159)
- Nazima Pathan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7656-9453)
- Andrew J Pollard
- Pablo Rojo
- Séan O’Riordan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4965-6601)
- Kitt Dokal
Institutions
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School (GB)
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (FR)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Institut Mérieux (France) (FR)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Medical University of Białystok (PL)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Barts Health NHS Trust (GB)
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University Hospital of Bern (CH)
- Ljubljana University Medical Centre (SI)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital (GB)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Sanquin (NL)
- Public Health England (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Hôpital Louis-Mourier (FR)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (ES)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (ES)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (FR)
- Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre (ES)
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (NL)
- Diamond Materials (United States) (US)
- Hôpital Lyon Sud (FR)
- German Center for Infection Research (DE)
- Children's Clinical University Hospital (LV)
- MRC Unit the Gambia (GM)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (GB)
- Faculty of Public Health (GB)
- St Mary's Hospital (GB)
- Madrid Health Service (ES)
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IT)
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot (FR)
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital (GB)
- Riga Stradiņš University (LV)
- University Children's Hospital Zurich (CH)
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (GB)
- Great North Children's Hospital (GB)
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children’s Hospital (NL)
- Evelina London Children's Healthcare (GB)
- Oxford BioMedica (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (ES)
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IT)
- Addenbrooke's Hospital (GB)
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital (GB)
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital (TW)
- Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital (GR)
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (NL)
- Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (GB)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Warwick Science Park (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- JAMA Network Open
- Published
- 2025-10-15
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.37808
- Citations
- 4
- Primary Topic
- Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 7.51
Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- UK Research and Innovation
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Imperial College London
- European Commission
- Fondation Leducq
- Medical Research Council