Household air pollution and association with heart disease among women in India: evidence from the nationally representative survey (NFHS-5)

The findings revealed that uses of PCF lead to HAP and is a contributing component to heart diseases. To address these challenges, the study suggests promoting alternative and CCF and raising awareness about the health hazards associated with HAP. Policy interventions focused on expanding access to clean fuels, and knowledge are crucial to achieving sustainable development goals and mitigating the impact of heart disease. Organizations dedicated to public health and environmental well-being should enhance efforts to promote the adoption of clean cooking alternatives, thereby reducing the burden of heart disease among women in India.