Dopuszczalność kumulacji sankcji lub postępowań o charakterze karnym w świetle zasady ne bis in idem. Analiza najnowszego orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej

The purpose eof this article is to analyse Article 52 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR) and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning the conditions under which a cumulation of criminal proceedings or sanctions is admissible. They determine in which cases the principle of ne bis in idem laid down in Article 50 CFR applies. It is particularly important that the requirements of proportionality be met for the cumulation, i.e. it is necessary, the burden resulting from it is not excessive and the concurrent proceedings are sufficiently foreseeable and coordinated. Compliance with these criteria determines whether the duplication of proceedings and penalties, and thus the restriction of the fundamental right under Article 50 of the CFR, is justified. The importance of these criteria for protecting against the disproportionality of cumulative sanctions justifies a cross-cutting clarification of them for their concrete application by the authorities deciding on the imposition of sanctions of a criminal nature.