SN 2024hpj: A perspective on SN 2009ip-like events

Supernovae (SNe) IIn are terminal explosions of massive stars that are surrounded by a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Among SNe IIn, a notable subset is the SN 2009ip-like, which exhibits an initial, fainter peak attributed to stellar variability in the late evolutionary stages, followed by a brighter peak, interpreted as the SN explosion itself. In this context, we analysed the spectrophotometric evolution of SN 2024hpj, an object with a triple-peaked light curve and spectra typical of a SN IIn but with a complex line profile composed of broad P-Cygni features topped by narrow emissions. Comparing it with other SN 2009ip-like events in the literature, as well as with other unpublished objects (SNe 2019mry, 2022ytx, 2024uzf, and 2025csc), we identify star-forming regions as their preferred formation environment. On the other hand, the diversity of spectrophotometric features within the sample suggests that variations in CSM mass and distribution may influence the observed characteristics. We identify four sub-classes based on the luminosity and rapidity of the light curve evolution, which provides insights into possible differences in the progenitors, while a statistical analysis of their observed rate indicates progenitor masses around 25 − 31 M ⊙ or lower.

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Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2026-01-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556906
Primary Topic
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

SN 2024hpj: A perspective on SN 2009ip-like events

L. Galbany, S. Smartt, L. Tartaglia, G. Valerin et al.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
article

SN 2024hpj: A perspective on SN 2009ip-like events

L. Galbany, S. Smartt, L. Tartaglia, G. Valerin, A. Mura, A. Pastorello, A. Reguitti, K. Matilainen, Yongzhi Cai, M. T. Botticella, A. Morales-Garoffolo, N. Elias-Rosa, G. Pignata, E. Borsato, S. Benetti, T. Kangas, A. Farina, Thomas L. Killestein, S. Srivastav, I. Salmaso, C. P. Gutiérrez, T. Kravtsov, P. Lundqvist, Michael Fraser, Maider González-Bañuelos, Tim Reynolds
article en

Abstract

Supernovae (SNe) IIn are terminal explosions of massive stars that are surrounded by a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Among SNe IIn, a notable subset is the SN 2009ip-like, which exhibits an initial, fainter peak attributed to stellar variability in the late evolutionary stages, followed by a brighter peak, interpreted as the SN explosion itself. In this context, we analysed the spectrophotometric evolution of SN 2024hpj, an object with a triple-peaked light curve and spectra typical of a SN IIn but with a complex line profile composed of broad P-Cygni features topped by narrow emissions. Comparing it with other SN 2009ip-like events in the literature, as well as with other unpublished objects (SNe 2019mry, 2022ytx, 2024uzf, and 2025csc), we identify star-forming regions as their preferred formation environment. On the other hand, the diversity of spectrophotometric features within the sample suggests that variations in CSM mass and distribution may influence the observed characteristics. We identify four sub-classes based on the luminosity and rapidity of the light curve evolution, which provides insights into possible differences in the progenitors, while a statistical analysis of their observed rate indicates progenitor masses around 25 − 31 M ⊙ or lower.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 707
University College Dublin (IE), Queen's University Belfast (GB), University of Padua (IT), University of Turku (FI), Stockholm University (SE), Turku Centre for Computer Science (FI), University of Tarapacá (CL), Yunnan University (CN), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics (IT), Yunnan Observatories (CN), Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte (IT), Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT), Universidad de Cádiz (ES), University of Warwick (GB), University of Oxford (GB), Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ES), Institute of Space Sciences (ES), Collurania Teramo Observatory (IT), Nordic Optical Telescope (ES), Astronomy and Space (AU), NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (GB), Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (IT), National Astronomical Observatories (CN), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Aarhus Universitet, Johns Hopkins University, Space Telescope Science Institute, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, University of Warwick, European Commission, University of Edinburgh, Queen's University Belfast, Durham University, Trinity College Dublin, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Generalitat de Catalunya, Queen's University, Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, Liverpool John Moores University, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, National Central University, Universitetet i Oslo, Háskóli Íslands, Turun Yliopisto, Stockholms Universitet, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Junta de Andalucía, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Turun Yliopistosäätiö, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Science Mission Directorate, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, European Regional Development Fund, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, Planetary Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory
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Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
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