Grey wolf optimizer for energy storage system placement and operation in distribution networks with soft open points

In the context of the green energy transition and the advancement of smart grids, the optimization problem involving the integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) into power grids has attracted significant research interest. This paper presents an optimization framework for integrating Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and photovoltaic (PV) systems into a distribution network comprising two interconnected IEEE 33-bus systems linked by Soft Open Points (SOPs). The objective is to minimize operational costs, including power purchase expenses and PV generation revenue, while optimizing SOP power flows. A Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm determines optimal ESS placement, sizing, charge/discharge schedules, and SOP power flows over 24 hours, outperforming Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO) and Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO). Constraints include power balance, ESS operational limits, SOP power boundaries, and fixed network configuration. Convergence analysis and SOP power profiles demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness in enhancing distribution system efficiency.