Prediction Method of Available Nitrogen in Red Soil Based on BWO-CNN-LSTM

Accurate assessment of forest soil nitrogen from hyperspectral spectra is critical for precision fertilization, yet conventional preprocessing and baseline CNNs constrain predictive accuracy. We introduce streamlined spectral preprocessing and an optimized CNN–LSTM framework and evaluate it on Guangxi forest soils against competitive models using standard validation metrics. Results: The proposed approach outperformed comparative models (CNN, LSTM, and BiLSTM), achieving a validation set R2 of 0.889 and RMSE of 16.5722, representing improvements of 6.79–10.37% in R2 and 18.60–24.44% in RMSE over baseline methods. The method delivers accurate, scalable nitrogen estimation from spectra, supporting timely fertilization decisions and sustainable soil management.