Oxidative Stress as a Central Mediator of Chronic Inflammation: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Targets

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense system, plays a pivotal role in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic inflammation. ROS activate redox-sensitive transcription factors, modulate intracellular signaling cascades, and promote the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to sustained immune activation and tissue damage. This review elucidates the molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress to chronic inflammation, including mitochondrial dysfunction, NADPH oxidase activation, and impaired antioxidant defenses. We highlight the interplay between oxidative stress and immune cell function, the amplification of inflammatory signaling through NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the resultant pathophysiological changes in chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, we explore emerging therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress, including antioxidant therapies, Nrf2 activators, redox enzyme inhibitors, and lifestyle interventions. Understanding these mechanisms offers novel insights into the prevention and management of chronic inflammatory conditions. Keywords: Oxidative stress, Chronic inflammation, Reactive oxygen species, NF-κB, Antioxidant therapy