Redox Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Health and Disease

Redox regulation plays a critical role in the modulation of immune responses, affecting both innate and adaptive immune functions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), generated as byproducts of cellular metabolism and immune responses, are key signaling molecules in immune cell activation, differentiation, and effector function. These molecules are tightly regulated to maintain immune homeostasis, but their dysregulation can contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide array of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and infections. This review explores the mechanisms of redox regulation in immune cells, highlighting the role of ROS/RNS in the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antigen presentation, T cell differentiation, and the modulation of inflammation. We also examine the dual role of redox molecules in both promoting immune defense and contributing to tissue damage, with a focus on how this balance impacts health and disease. Additionally, we discuss current therapeutic strategies targeting redox pathways for the treatment of immune-related diseases and the potential for future interventions. Keywords: Redox regulation, Immune responses, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Autoimmune diseases, Inflammation