Ethnobotanical Heritage and Pharmacological Potential of Medicinal Plants in North, Central, and Eastern Sudan: Part I

Background: Sudan’s ecological and cultural diversity has fostered a rich ethnobotanical tradition, especially in the use of native plants for medicinal purposes. This article documents the traditional use of medicinal plants in Northern, Central, and Eastern Sudan, highlighting their therapeutic importance and cultural significance. Methods: We interviewed 35 informants (20 from North/Central regions and 15 from Eastern regions) between 1995 and 2022 using a semi-structured guide. Thirty-one species were documented and analyzed using RFC, UV, FL, and ICF (North/Central ICF = 0.735; Eastern ICF = 0.800). Acacia nilotica, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, and Nigella sativa ranked highest by RFC/UV. Results: The study identified 31 medicinal plant species used to treat ailments ranging from digestive issues to infectious diseases. Many of these species exhibit notable bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Regional variations reflect distinct cultural approaches to healing. Conclusion: Traditional medicinal knowledge in Sudan is an important resource facing threats from environmental degradation and cultural shifts. Combining this knowledge with scientific research could lead to the development of new, effective plant-based treatments. Preservation efforts are crucial for public health advancement and safeguarding cultural heritage.