The Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Inflammation: Pathways and Treatment Targets

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and antioxidant defenses, is a central mediator of chronic inflammation. This review explores the mechanistic pathways linking oxidative stress to sustained inflammatory responses and highlights therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways. We examine how ROS/RNS influence key inflammatory signaling cascades, including NF-κB, MAPK, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to the perpetuation of inflammation in various chronic diseases. Additionally, we discuss the role of redox-sensitive transcription factors such as Nrf2 in modulating antioxidant responses and their therapeutic potential. The review also addresses the challenges and opportunities in developing antioxidant-based therapies, considering the dual role of oxidative species in both promoting and resolving inflammation. By integrating current research, we provide insights into the complex interplay between oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, offering a foundation for future therapeutic interventions. Keywords: Oxidative Stress, Chronic Inflammation, NF-κB, Nrf2, Therapeutic Targets