Protective Roles of L-carnitine and Ginkgo biloba Extract on Oxidative Stress and Neurotransmitter Imbalance in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Epilepsy in Rats

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by oxidative stress and neurotransmitter imbalance, driving neuronal damage and seizures. This study evaluated biochemical and neurochemical changes in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled seizures and the protective effects of L-carnitine and Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE). Eighty male albino rats were divided into control, L-carnitine, GBE, PTZ, and PTZ with pre- or post-treatment of L-carnitine or GBE. Epilepsy was induced via PTZ injections (40 mg/kg) every 48 hours for three weeks. Oxidative stress markers—MDA, GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT—and neurotransmitters—GABA, glutamate, and AChE—were measured in serum and cerebral cortex. PTZ triggered oxidative stress and excitatory imbalance, shown by increased MDA, glutamate, and AChE, alongside reduced antioxidants and GABA. Pretreatment with L-carnitine or GBE significantly restored antioxidant levels and neurotransmitter balance; post-treatment achieved moderate improvement. L-carnitine had stronger antioxidant effects, while GBE more effectively normalized neurotransmitters. These results suggest both agents offer neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and restoring inhibitory–excitatory balance, supporting their potential as adjunct therapies in epilepsy.