Artificial intelligence-driven approaches in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: integrating endocrine-metabolic profiling for enhanced diagnostics and therapeutics

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their heterogeneity and complex endocrine-metabolic interactions. Artificial intelligence (AI) enhances PitNET management through improved classification, outcome prediction, and personalized treatment. However, current AI models face limitations, including small, single-center datasets and insufficient integration of multi-omics or autoimmune-associated biomarkers. Future advancements require multicenter standardized databases, explainable AI frameworks, and multimodal data fusion. By decoding endocrine-metabolic dysregulation and its link to tumor behavior, AI-driven precision medicine can optimize PitNET care. This review highlights AI's potential in PitNETs while addressing key challenges and future directions for clinical translation.