Navigating challenges in subspecies management: a tale of two rabbits in iberia

Abstract The European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ), believed to have originated in the Iberian Peninsula (IP), currently exists as two genetically distinct subspecies: Oryctolagus c. cuniculus (Occ) in the northeast and Oryctolagus c. algirus (Oca) in the southwest. These subspecies became geographically isolated around two million years ago. They now occur mostly in separate regions, with limited overlap in a narrow contact zone. Habitat loss and diseases pose significant threats to their survival. However, Occ populations are generally increasing, while Oca populations are in decline. This paradoxical situation has resulted in the rabbit in the IP being classified as both an endangered species and an agricultural pest. To understand this incongruity, we conducted a comprehensive literature review, identifying 57 pertinent studies, to analyse whether significant differences exist between the subspecies in their biology, genetics, morphology, reproduction, parasites, and other features. Our findings reveal distinct inter-subspecies dissimilarities in 79% of the reviewed studies. These differences may influence how the subspecies respond to environmental and anthropogenic pressures, including hunting, disease, and habitat changes, ultimately affecting their population status. This study points to the importance of developing more targeted management strategies for each subspecies, considering their unique genetic origins and ecology. We discuss the challenges of conserving European rabbit populations in the IP and provide recommendations for sustainable management.