Comparison of methods for determining the frost depth

Abstract Over the past two centuries, the depth of ground frost has been steadily decreasing due to climate change. This study evaluates and compares different methodologies for determining frost depths, including analytical, empirical, numerical, and observational approaches, with a focus on widely used calculation methods. The analysis, performed in accordance with Lithuanian, European, and North American standards, reveals significant discrepancies between calculated frost depths and field observations from meteorological stations, particularly in areas affected by snow removal operations. Key influencing factors, such as air temperature variability, snow cover dynamics, and soil thermal properties, are examined to assess their impact on frost penetration. The comparison of different datasets highlights the limitations of existing models and underscores the necessity of updated climate data and advanced modeling techniques for more reliable geotechnical design in Lithuania. When comparing several ground frost depth determination methods under identical climate and soil conditions, differences in accuracy, applicability, and limitations of these methods become evident. The inclusion of up-to-date climate data in the revised Lithuanian standards highlights the growing need to assess and improve frost depth calculation models. This study contributes to that goal by evaluating the accuracy and limitations of widely used methods under uniform conditions.