Preharvest Control of Campylobacter Colonization in Chickens, with a Special Emphasis on Vaccination Strategies

<i>Campylobacter</i> is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis, with poultry serving as the primary reservoir host. Effective preharvest control strategies are crucial for preventing or reducing <i>Campylobacter</i> contamination on meat surfaces. As concerns grow regarding the use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture, the importance of non-antimicrobial preharvest strategies in poultry production has become increasingly significant. This comprehensive review focuses on the biology of <i>Campylobacter</i>, its impact on public health, and current and emerging preharvest strategies, with a special emphasis on vaccination. Preharvest strategies are broadly classified into biosecurity measures, gut microbiota modifications using prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, feed additives, and vaccination. While some vaccines have proven to be effective in research settings, no commercial vaccines are currently available. Because no single strategy can effectively combat <i>Campylobacter</i>, integrating multiple approaches, such as improved biosecurity measures, immunization, and dietary modifications, may provide a solution for reducing <i>Campylobacter</i> loads in poultry. Embracing a "One Health" approach, gaining a deeper understanding of <i>Campylobacter</i> pathophysiology, advancing vaccine technology, and implementing holistic farm management practices will be essential for the sustainable control of Campylobacter and for reducing the risk of human campylobacteriosis.