Carbon Black Nanoparticles in Non-Instrumental Immunoassays Development for Diagnostic Applications

Due to their unique physicochemical properties, carbon black nanoparticles represent a promising alternative for solving analytical problems. However, diagnostic reagents based on carbon black nanoparticles have not yet found widespread practical application. This review examines the development and application of carbon black nanoparticle conjugates with recognition molecules as diagnostic reagents in test systems that enable non-instrumental interpretation of results. The review critically evaluates the methods for synthesis and characterization of carbon black-based diagnostic reagents. Furthermore, the review summarizes and discusses existing studies comparing the effectiveness of carbon black nanoparticle-based bioconjugates with traditional colorimetric labels. The scientific articles included in the review were carefully analyzed for the presence of an assessment of the reproducibility of methods for obtaining diagnostic reagents based on carbon black nanoparticles and their long-term storage. The main challenges and future prospects of using carbon black nanoparticles in immunoassays are discussed.