Basic aspects of security cooperation between Vietnam and Russia in the 21st century: current situation and prospects

This article analyzes the evolution of Vietnam–Russia security cooperation from 2001 to 2025 within the broader Indo-Pacific geopolitical context. Using a qualitative case study approach that blends realist and constructivist theories, it explores how historical ties and shared strategic interests have shaped a multifaceted partnership. Key areas of cooperation include arms transfers, military training, intelligence sharing, and emerging domains like non-traditional security. While Russian arms imports peaked in the early 2010s, a trend toward diversification emerged after 2017. Despite reduced procurement, Russia remains Vietnam’s main defense partner due to deep technical integration and logistical dependency. The study argues that the relationship has matured into a pragmatic, adaptive framework. As Vietnam pursues “multi-vector” diplomacy and Russia seeks relevance beyond the West, their cooperation reflects a resilient, non-aligned security model grounded in strategic autonomy, mutual respect, and flexibility.