Transaction Mode Between MG operators and Prosumers Based on a Leader-Follower Game in Electricity-Carbon Markets

With the continuous development of China’s electricity market, to improve the economic efficiency of microgrids and the absorption efficiency of new energy, and accelerate the low-carbon transformation of power systems, this paper constructs an electricity-carbon market transaction mode based on a leader-follower game to optimize microgrid operation (MG operation). A two-layer game framework is established with the MG operator as the upper-level leader and prosumers as the lower-level followers: the operator formulates time-of-use electricity prices with the goal of maximizing revenue, while prosumers optimize load distribution and power purchase/sale strategies within the transaction cycle. Meanwhile, a two-sided carbon emission allocation mechanism is adopted to realize the reasonable distribution of carbon costs. Simulation analysis is conducted using MATLAB software, and the results show that the proposed model forms a closed loop of price and load response, improves system efficiency, promotes low-carbon operation of microgrids and new energy absorption, and provides a valuable theoretical reference for electricity-carbon coordinated transactions in microgrids with high proportions of renewable energy.