Research on Cooperative Dispatching Optimization of Virtual Power Plants Based on Stackelberg Game Algorithm

Aiming at the multi-virtual power plant (VPP) cooperative dispatching problem, a Kriging meta-model-based Stackelberg game solution method is proposed. The distribution system operator (DSO), acting as the leader, formulates dynamic electricity price strategies, while each VPP, acting as the follower, optimizes its internal distributed resources. The Kriging model is used to fit the electricity price-output response relationship of the VPPs. Combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for directional sample point updating, this approach significantly improves solving efficiency while protecting VPP privacy. Case study results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of lower-level model calls by $71.4 \%$, increases DSO revenue by $15.2 \%$, and verifies the effectiveness of the model and algorithm.