Distributed Optimal Scheduling for Electric Vehicles Considering the Multi-Agent Demands of Electric Vehicles, Charging Stations and Power Grid

Addressing grid stability challenges from largescale electric vehicle (EV) integration, this paper proposes a hierarchical distributed optimization framework spanning network-station-vehicle tiers. The approach decomposes the problem into an upper-level grid-station coordination model and a lower-level user satisfaction maximization model. Utilizing Minkowski sum aggregation for EV flexibility and a improved lagrangian dual relaxation method(ILDRM), it effectively balances grid security, operator economics, and user satisfaction while preserving privacy through localized decision-making.