Optimization of Off-Grid Regional Integrated Energy Systems: Multi-Energy Scheduling with Power-to-Hydrogen, Storage, and Tiered Carbon Emission Costs

In off-grid mode, Regional Integrated Energy Systems (RIES) require efficient scheduling to address the intermittency of renewable energy and the demand for multiple energy carriers, while achieving carbon emission reduction. This paper proposes a multi-energy scheduling framework that integrates Power-to-Hydrogen (P2H), battery energy storage, and Combined Heat and Power (CHP), and introduces a tiered carbon pricing mechanism to promote low-carbon operation. The study analyzes a series of progressively optimized scenarios, illustrating the transition from a basic configuration to enhanced dispatch with energy storage and $\mathbf{P 2 H}$, and further to carbon-cost-driven optimization. The results demonstrate that comprehensive optimization significantly reduces total costs, wind curtailment, and carbon emissions, highlighting the synergistic benefits of multi-energy coordination. This research provides important guidance for the sustainable design of off-grid integrated energy systems.