Global impact of emerging besnoitiosis on cattle: Effects on production, fertility, and economic losses with an update on worldwide Besnoitia infection

Besnoitiosis is an important emerging parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Besnoitia spp. It mainly affects domestic ruminants, such as cattle, goats, sheep, and horses. In addition to the skin lesions and swelling of the subcutaneous tissues, the disease is also associated with a wide range of clinical signs, including decreased reproductive performance and musculoskeletal and eye lesions. Besnoitiosis can lead to significant losses due to reduced body weight, reduced milk production, abortions, and additional veterinary costs due to carcass condemnation and decreased skin value. There is a significant increase in the prevalence of this disease, especially in tropical and subtropical regions, as a result of climate change, animal movement, and poor sanitation management, all of which have contributed to the spread of this disease. The present study aims to review the effects of besnoitiosis on the production, reproduction, and economic impacts of domestic ruminants to provide a global update on its epidemiological status and to improve its management. It is essential to implement informational and prevention programs based on the rapid identification of the disease, health management, and the use of effective treatment approaches for ruminants, considering the significant consequences of besnoitiosis on their health and productivity. Animal health can be improved if there is an increased awareness among livestock farmers and health institutions regarding the epidemiology of this disease, leading to a reduction in economic losses among livestock farmers. • Besnoitiosis reduces milk and meat production in cattle due to damage to the skin and connective tissues. • Besnoitiosis leads to reduced fertility and increased abortion in infected cows. • Besnoitiosis is spreading in different regions of the world, especially in countries with traditional livestock farming. • Besnoitiosis causes economic losses to the livestock industry through reduced production and treatment costs. • Vaccination, vector control, and animal health management are among the most important methods of preventing and controlling besnoitiosis.