The future of food bio-manufacturing: Unleashing the potential of single-cell protein from low-cost raw materials

The global demand for high-quality, protein-rich foods is expected to increase significantly due to the growing global population and rising income levels. As the fastest-growing source of animal protein, aquaculture is well-positioned to meet this demand. However, it faces significant challenges in obtaining sustainable and renewable sources of protein-rich feed. This review explores different microorganisms and production routes for single-cell protein (SCP) bio-manufacturing using low-cost raw materials. Notably, diverse microbial sources of SCP include bacteria, yeasts and higher fungi, as well as algae, either in pure or mixed form. Producing SCP from food by-products, lignocellulosic agricultural biomass, or single-carbon molecules offers a sustainable and efficient solution for waste utilization while meeting the demand for protein. This approach makes it possible to create valuable nutrients from low-cost raw materials, reducing resource waste while decreasing the reliance on traditional protein sources. However, continued efforts are needed to incorporate digital concepts into SCP production and thereby enhance the competitiveness, efficiency, and sustainability of SCP bio-manufacturing. Machine learning models will guide and streamline the SCP production process, ensuring food safety and regulatory compliance, which is essential for gaining consumer acceptance and promoting the market adoption of SCP derived from low-cost raw materials as future food.