Electrochemical Synthesis of Chalcones and Ball Milling Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets for the Fabrication of Chalcone–Graphene Macromolecular Hybrids

ABSTRACT This study focused on the preparation of two types of aromatic Chalcones. The first type is a highly aromatic chalcone (HArCh), synthesized from an aromatic aldehyde (4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde) and a highly aromatic ketone (HArKe), which is produced by electrolytic reactions using platinum electrodes with diazonium salts derived from 4,4'‐diaminodiphenylsulfone and 4‐aminoacetophenone. The second type consists of low‐aromatic chalcones, which were prepared using an aromatic ketone (4‐hydroxyacetophenone) combined with para‐substituted benzaldehydes (‐OCH 3 , ‐CH 3 , ‐Cl, ‐Br, ‐NO 2 ). The synthesized organic compounds were characterized through melting point analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR). In addition, low‐cost graphene nanosheets were prepared by ball‐milling coal hydrated with deionized water. These nanosheets were then utilized to create six nano decorators through electrochemical decoration with the as‐prepared chalcones. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using various spectroscopic methods, including FT‐IR, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface area analysis (BET).