Iron-Modified Alkaline Lignin Chitosan Aerogel Microspheres for Sb(III) Removal in Water

Antimony (Sb), as a toxic heavy metal, has drawn worldwide attention, and its efficient removal from water has become increasingly urgent. In this study, an iron-modified alkaline lignin chitosan (Fe-ALCS) gel bead is prepared by the freeze-drying method to remove Sb(III) from the aqueous solution. The static adsorption experiment discusses the various environmental influences on the adsorption performance of Fe-ALCS for Sb(III) removal. The adsorption mechanism is explored by combining adsorption kinetics, isothermal adsorption, and characterization methods (such as FTIR, XRD, XPS, etc). The results show that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of Sb(III) decreases with the increase in pH and mass-volume ratio. With the increase in the initial Sb(III) concentration, <i>Q_e</i> showed a rapid increasing trend in the range of 50-100 mg/L and continued to rise with the extension of contact time (<i>t</i>), reaching the maximum value at 3540 min. Under the optimal conditions of pH = 3, <i>m</i>/<i>v</i> = 1.0 g/L, and <i>C</i>₀ = 20 mg/L, the removal efficiency (<i>R</i>_e) value is 95.07%, which is still approximately 86.8% after five adsorption-desorption cycles. The maximum adsorption capacity is 266.58 mg/g fitted by the Langmuir model. The adsorption mechanism is mainly related to the iron-based active site of Fe-O(OH), where the O-H on its surface undergoes ligand exchange with Sb(OH)₃ to form a stable Fe-O-Sb coordination structure. Additionally, C-OH, C-O, and other functional groups in ALCS also contribute to Sb adsorption. Fe-ALCS is an environmentally friendly, renewable, and convenient biomass adsorbent with good potential for wastewater treatment.