Impact of incomplete lineage sorting and natural selection on the phylogenetic and taxonomic uncertainties of Aspidistra in Taiwan

Our study provides new insights into the evolutionary dynamics and taxonomy of Aspidistra in Taiwan, revealing key genetic and morphological patterns shaping species divergence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial ILS, with numerous genes supporting alternative tree topologies. Despite morphological similarities, A. daibuensis var. daibuensis and var. longkiauensis exhibit non-monophyletic relationships, challenging their previous classification. Genes associated with chloroplastic function and photomorphogenic adaptation suggest convergent evolution. Moreover, stigma shape emerges as a robust diagnostic trait for species delimitation. These findings underscore the complex interplay of genetics, morphology, and adaptation, emphasizing the need for further integrative research.