Advances and Challenges in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles

Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) are essential for ensuring the performance, safety, and longevity of lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) in electric vehicles (EVs). First, this review examines the current state of BTMS technologies, focusing on three thermal management strategies: passive, active, and hybrid thermal management strategies. Passive thermal management strategies, such as using phase change materials (PCM) or heat-conductive materials, offer simplicity and low energy consumption but are limited in high-power applications. The active thermal management strategies, including forced air cooling and liquid cooling, provide superior heat dissipation but require complex design and higher energy input. The hybrid thermal management strategies combine the advantages of passive and active strategies, providing a more suitable solution for the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries under diverse operating conditions. Second, the review also highlights challenges posed by high-energy density batteries, fast charging, and emerging battery technologies like solid-state and lithium-sulfur batteries. Finally, the technical summary draws from the research status of BTMS and future development directions are proposed.