Zika Virus: Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Public Health Implications

The Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flavivirus genus, has garnered significant attention since its discovery in 1947, primarily due to its association with neurological complications and congenital anomalies. This abstract synthesises key insights into the epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of Zika virus infection. ZIKV primarily spreads through Aedes mosquitoes but can also transmit through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and perinatal transmission. Its genetic diversity encompasses African and Asian lineages, with the Asian lineage implicated in severe outbreaks and congenital abnormalities. The virus's pathogenesis involves interactions with host cell receptors, viral replication, and evasion of immune responses. Clinical manifestations range from mild febrile illness to severe neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital microcephaly. Differential diagnosis is crucial due to overlapping symptoms with other arboviruses and infectious diseases. Management focuses on supportive care and symptom management, with no specific antiviral therapy available. Prognosis varies, with most cases being self-limiting, but severe neurologic consequences and congenital abnormalities pose significant risks, especially during pregnancy. Public health measures emphasize vector control, travel advisories, and patient education. Further research is essential to understand the full spectrum of ZIKV pathogenesis, improve diagnostic capabilities, and develop effective preventive and therapeutic interventions.