Development of Mongolian <i>Khöömii</i> : From Ritual to Repertoire

Abstract Khöömii is a distinctive Mongolian vocal art that produces multiple harmonic tones simultaneously through precise control of the vocal and respiratory systems. Originating from oral tradition and ritual practices, khöömii was originally used to praise nature, express reverence, and evoke spiritual connection. Over time, it has evolved into a refined stage art influenced by modernization and institutional training. The two main styles – shakhaa (pressure-based) and kharkhiraa (growl-based) – serve as the foundation of various advanced techniques, expanding its expressive possibilities. This study explores the development of khöömii , focusing on its evolving repertoire, which now includes traditional nature imitations, folk songs, praise chants, and complex operatic works. Professional training has been crucial in this transition, shaping both technical skills and creative composition. The research investigates the thematic and formal diversity of khöömii pieces, their cultural significance, and their potential for collaboration other musical forms. Ultimately, it study shows how repertoire expansion reflects artistic innovation and highlights the contemporary relevance and sustainability of this ancient vocal tradition.