ADVANCING GREEN STEEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AND LOW-CARBON STEEL PRODUCTION

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate green steel technologies and to compare emissions, energy use, and costs across different production routes. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in sustainability and decarbonization frameworks, with a focus on the circular economy and carbon pricing as guiding concepts. Method: A systematic literature review was carried out under PRISMA guidelines, analyzing peer-reviewed studies (2020–2025) and industry reports with metrics such as CO₂/t, GJ/t, and $/t. Results and Discussion: Results show BF-BOF emits ~2.3 tCO₂/t with 20 GJ/t, while H₂-DRI–EAF achieves 0.4–0.8 tCO₂/t and 12–15 GJ/t, with CCS retrofits reducing emissions by up to 61%. Research Implications: The study highlights cost barriers, regional scrap availability, and the role of carbon pricing and a circular economy in facilitating the production of green steel. Originality/Value: This review consolidates quantitative evidence on hydrogen reduction, renewable-powered EAFs, and CCS, offering integrated insights for net-zero steelmaking.