Preparation of intervertebral disc organoid and regeneration mechanism based on gradient structure and mechanical function guidance: A Review

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the most common problems leading to lower back pain affecting individuals from the middle-aged to elderly population. The present treatment primarily targets symptom reduction for improved quality of life and pain management. The current research explores modern techniques for disc organoid assembly, examining various biomaterials in conjunction with 3D printing systems and dynamic cultures to replicate the properties of intervertebral discs (IVDs). This review explores different biomaterials, including reversible cross-linked polymers, electrospun nanofibers, and hydrogels, due to their ability to scaffold and support cells. This paper highlights the challenges of the regeneration mechanism and reviews the regulatory and ethical considerations. Future research directions are pointed towards changes in biofabrication, with collaboration efforts involving stem cell techniques and genome editing, to advance regenerative outcomes. Moreover, organoids have emerged as a therapeutic option, offering ways to restore normal spine function and enhance the quality of life.