Deformed Wing Virus in Iranian Honeybees: Molecular Detection, Phylogenetic Diversity and Regional Insights

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is an important pathogen for honeybee colonies, whose infections are linked to those caused by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor. The current study concerns DWV's molecular detection and phylogenetic characterization in Iranian honeybee populations originating from Mazandaran, Hormozgan, Kurdistan and Khorasan Razavi provinces. DWV was detected using RT-PCR targeting the structural polyprotein gene region, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Among the 89 apiary samples tested, 16 (17.97%) were infected with DWV, although it was not detected in Mazandaran Province. The phylogenetic analysis showed three different groups of DWV isolates, some of which had a high similarity to strains from Syria and Yemen. These findings suggest possible relations between virus distribution and regional trade or ecological factors. The current study emphasizes the importance of geographic and molecular surveys in DWV management and insists on a more effective approach to controlling Varroa infections and reducing the incidence of viral diseases that would contribute to the health and productivity of honeybee colonies. Controlling honeybee pathogens such as mites and viruses, especially through biological control methods, will lead to better bee health and ultimately help to produce a variety of higher quality and organic honeybee products.