Gender differences in non-fatal suicidal self-directed violence prevalence and methods among U.S. Veterans

While men Veterans have higher rates of suicide than women Veterans, women Veterans appear to experience higher rates of lifetime suicide attempt(s) (SA). Understanding gender differences in suicidal ideation (SI) and non-fatal suicidal self-directed violence (NF-SSDV) among Veterans can facilitate Veteran suicide prevention that is responsive to the needs of both women and men Veterans. The present study analyzed data from the Assessing Social and Community Environments with National Data for Veteran Suicide Prevention study to examine gender differences in the prevalence of different types of SI and NF-SSDV, methods considered and used, and prevalence across demographic subgroups. Analyses were weighted to provide population-based estimates. Compared to men, women had significantly higher prevalence of SI, interrupted attempt, and SA; for example, 34.07 % (95 %CI = 31.86-36.36) of women reported post-military SI, compared to 24.86 % (95 %CI = 23.81-25.95) of men. Post-military SI and SA prevalence remained higher among women relative to men in most subgroups; however, notable differences in this pattern were observed by age, race, time since separation, and use of Veterans Health Administration services. Among Veterans with past-year SI, men were more likely to consider gunshot and jumping than women as suicide methods. Among Veterans with lifetime SA, women were more likely to report using medication overdose, while men were more likely to report gunshot and illegal drug overdose. These findings confirm and expand upon prior research demonstrating women Veterans as at increased risk for experiencing SI and NF-SSDV and emphasize the need for suicide prevention strategies that address methods and drivers of SI and NF-SSDV among women and men Veterans.