VARIABLE EARBUD OUTPUT ACROSS VARIOUS DEVICES

Introduction Today, many people are in the habit of listening to music, watching movies, and playing games via headphones or earbuds connected to devices such as cellphones, computers, and iPads, when studying or doing other activities. This study investigated the LAeq output of four different devices connected with two different earbud types. Material and methods A GRAS 45CB Acoustic Test Fixture was used to measure the output of the earbuds. All devices were purchased in a regular store to mimic the natural process and usage of the products. Both earbuds have the same cable length and are of the same design. Results The findings indicated that one earbud brand produced varying output levels when connected to different devices, even when the same volume setting was used. Statistical analysis confirmed that the output differences across devices were significant, as reflected in the results: [<i>F</i>(3) = 805.08, <i>p</i> < 0.001], with a partial <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 89.7% for the right ear, and [<i>F</i>(3) = 805.08, <i>p</i> < 0.001], with a partial <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 89.7% for the left ear, based on measurements taken at five different volume levels. Likewise, the interactions were also found to be significant in both ears. Furthermore, the discrepancies between the left and right ear outputs for each earbud–device combination were found to be potentially unsafe, raising concerns about auditory risk. Notably, at the 60% volume setting, the sound output from both ears across all tested devices exceeded the exposure limits recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Conclusions Findings showed that one size does not fit all. Findings from this study could help government intervention in headphone/ earbud manufacturing policy and standards and assist long-term users of earbuds to regulate the usage of earbuds.