Human Trafficking in Armed Terrorist Conflicts Gendered Dimensions of Rehabilitation and Reintegration (R&R) of Moroccan Women and Girls Returning from Conflict Areas in Iraq and Syria

This study examines human trafficking in the context of terrorist-related armed conflicts led by the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), focusing on Moroccan women and girls who may be victims of human trafficking in ISIS-held territories. It further explores Morocco's efforts to develop and implement rehabilitation and reintegration (R&R) programmes specifically designed for this group. A qualitative methodology was used, including an analysis of international treaties, national legislation, and reports from international organisations, national institutions, and media sources. Findings reveal that women and girls are particularly vulnerable to trafficking in conflict zones, with gender playing a central role in their exposure. While some reintegration efforts exist, current programmes largely target individuals convicted of terrorism-related offences, and there remains a need to consider the specific challenges faced by women, especially those who may have been trafficked. The study recommends a case-by-case approach that distinguishes between women who voluntarily joined ISIS and those who were coerced. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the study advocates for gender-sensitive R&R programmes that address the multiple layers influencing women's recovery process. It also highlights the importance of balancing security concerns with the need for tailored programmes that take into account the specific circumstances of human trafficking victims in armed terrorist conflicts.