Physical Mechanisms and Impacts of Different Noises in Gravitational Wave Detection

Gravitational wave detection is modernly an important detection method of celestial phenomena like black hole merges or neutron star merges. Since the change in the arm length of the interferometer caused by gravitational waves is extremely small, the requirement of detection accuracy is significantly high. However, current detection accuracy is limited by multiple noises. Among them, the influences of quantum noise, thermal noise, and environmental noise are the most intense. Quantum, thermal, environmental noises limit high, medium, and low frequency range detecting accuracy respectively. This paper aims to explain the basic mechanisms of the noises through mathematical deduction. For each part, the paper also introduces common noise suppression strategies, include using compressed light and frequency-dependent compression (quantum noise), using low thermal influence suspension and coating materials (thermal noise), and setting multi-stage filtration system when solving seismic noise (environmental noise). With the strategies introduced, the paper also put forward ideas for future development.