Associations of sleep disturbances in systemic lupus erythematosus with physical and psychological outcomes: a cross-sectional latent profile analysis

This study identified three distinct patterns of sleep disturbance among SLE patients. Cluster 1 (severe sleep disturbance) was characterized by prolonged sleep latency despite high sleep efficiency and subjective sleep quality scores. Cluster 2 (moderate sleep disturbance) exhibited longer sleep duration than Cluster 1, while Cluster 3 (mild sleep disturbance) had the lowest scores across all sleep quality domains. These findings suggest that sleep disturbance profiling may facilitate personalized sleep management strategies for patients with SLE.