Aquatic Exercise for Pain Reduction in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Literature Review

Introduction: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a prevalent condition that significantly impairs daily functioning and quality of life. Conventional interventions, such as pharmacological treatment and land-based physical therapy, often provide limited relief and carry potential side effects. Aquatic exercise has emerged as a promising alternative intervention for pain management and functional improvement in CLBP patients. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases with the keywords “aquatic exercise” AND “chronic low back pain” OR “CLBP” AND “pain reduction.” From 543 articles initially retrieved, 264 were screened based on inclusion criteria: English-language, full-text publications from 2014 to 2024, involving CLBP patients. Five studies met all criteria and were included in the review. Outcomes assessed included pain intensity, disability, and quality of life, measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ). Effectiveness was analyzed by comparing reported outcomes across studies. Results: Aquatic exercise significantly reduced pain intensity and improved short-term functional outcomes compared with control interventions. Although disability improvement was comparable to land-based exercises, aquatic exercise demonstrated superior enhancement of overall quality of life. Conclusion: Aquatic exercise represents a safe and effective intervention for CLBP management, providing pain relief and functional benefits while supporting overall patient quality of life.