AI Agents: From Concept to Code to Commerce

For decades, autonomous agents and multiagent systems (AAMAS) have developed foundational theories of autonomy and coordination. While large language models (LLMs) have renewed interest in AI agents, connections to established frameworks remain limited. This paper surveys AAMAS theoretical foundations (Concept), their LLM-based implementations (Code), and societal deployment (Commerce), providing an integrated framework for understanding AI agents' current trajectory. This survey bridges LLM researchers' groundbreaking empirical advances in AI agents with established AAMAS theories to catalyze future progress.