Integrating DAE and DEVS models in Digital Twins for efficient Cyber-Physical System simulation

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) leverage Digital Twins (DT) to enable real-time plant monitoring, control and management. This paper explores the critical problem of building DTs that integrate continuous-time models made of Differential and Algebraic Equation (DAE) systems and event-based models made of Discrete Event Systems (DEVS). We address the complexities of this integration, and particularly the challenges posed when a computationally efficient integration of DAE models must co-exist with the occurrence of events from DEVS ones. We propose a framework that employs Object-Oriented Modelling (OOM), and in particular the Modelica language, facilitating the efficient assembly of multi-physics systems while maintaining high performance. We demonstrate our approach through a case study, highlighting the potential for scalable and effective simulations within the CPS landscape.