The Response of Warm Absorbers to the Variations in the Ionizing Continuum in the Active Galaxy NGC 4051

Abstract We present a time-resolved X-ray spectral analysis of the warm absorbers in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051, which has an active galactic nucleus (AGN), using observations from the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER). Despite NICER’s moderate spectral resolution, its high-cadence monitoring allows us to probe the response of the ionized outflows, also known as warm absorbers, on timescales of ∼5500 s. We detect two distinct components of ionized absorbers in this source. The variability in the ionization parameter of the low-ionization warm absorber component, which tracks changes in the ionizing flux with no measurable time lag. This rapid response implies photoionization equilibrium and places a lower limit on the electron density of ≳9 × 10 6 cm −3 based on the most abundant ionic species, O VII . The absorber is located within ∼0.02 pc of the central source, consistent with an origin in the inner regions of the active nucleus. In contrast, the high-ionization absorber remains consistently under-ionized relative to equilibrium predictions. This suggests that it may be the collisional plasma, which was also detected in this source in the previous studies. These results demonstrate that time-resolved spectroscopy, even with moderate-resolution instruments, can provide valuable constraints on the density and location of warm absorbers in AGN. As a potential candidate source of AGN feedback, the study of these ionized outflows is crucial in understanding AGN–host galaxy interactions.