Global, regional, and national differences in the incidence and mortality of digestive congenital anomalies from 1990 to 2021, with projections for future trends

Persistent inequities underscore the need for strengthened maternal-neonatal services, early surgical access, and targeted resource allocation in low-income settings. This integrated epidemiological overview provides an evidence base for prioritizing DCA within national child-health agendas and for monitoring progress toward Sustainable Development Goal targets.