Sentiment Analysis of Tourist Reviews About Kazakhstan Using a Hybrid Stacking Ensemble Approach

Tourist reviews provide essential insights into travellers experiences and public perceptions of destinations. In Kazakhstan, however, sentiment analysis, particularly using ensemble learning, remains underexplored for evaluating such reviews. This study proposes a hybrid stacking ensemble for sentiment analysis of English-language tourist reviews about Kazakhstan, integrating four complementary approaches: VADER, TextBlob, Stanza, and Local Context Focus Mechanism with Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (LCF-BERT). Each model contributes distinct analytical capabilities, including lexicon-based polarity detection, rule-based subjectivity evaluation, generalised star-rating estimation, and contextual aspect-oriented sentiment classification. The evaluation utilised a cleaned dataset of 11,454 TripAdvisor reviews collected between February 2022 and June 2025. The ensemble aggregates model outputs through majority and weighted voting strategies to enhance robustness. Experimental results (accuracy 0.891, precision 0.838, recall 0.891, and F1-score 0.852) demonstrate that the proposed method KazSATR outperforms individual models in overall classification accuracy and exhibits superior capacity for aspect-level sentiment detection. These findings underscore the potential of the hybrid ensemble as a practical and scalable tool for the tourism sector in Kazakhstan. By leveraging multiple analytical paradigms, the model enables tourism professionals and policymakers to better understand traveller preferences, identify service strengths and weaknesses, and inform strategic decision-making. The proposed approach contributes to advancing sentiment analysis applications in tourism research, particularly in underrepresented geographic contexts.