Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Capparis spinosa Fruit Extract and Their Antibacterial Application

In this work, we report the synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles prepared by green synthesis using Caparison spinosa.The extract and chemical method using cobalt chlorides.The product was described by means of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The sample made using the green approach had a crystalline size of 14.6 nm, but the average crystal size determined by XRD using the chemical process was 47 nm.The energy band gap value for the chemically prepared sample was 2.47 eV, while the energy band gap value for the green-synthesized sample was 2.68 eV.The shape was observed by FESEM to be the same as spherical in both methods.EDX analysis indicated the existence of peaks that represent Co and O.As shown by the FTIR spectrum, peaks in the 569 cm region were due to Co and cobalt oxide.The results showed that the cobalt oxide particles prepared by the green method are better, less hazardous, and environmentally friendly than the chemical method, which allows their use in medical applications.The material also showed bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and recorded the highest inhibition diameter at a high concentration of 100% Mg/ml (27 mm), which was higher than that of Escherichia coli (E.coli), which recorded the highest inhibition diameter of (17 mm) at a concentration of 100% Mg/ml.The Co3O4 NPS prepared by green technology also showed an effective effect against the A549 cell line compared to the normal HdFn cells by measuring MTT at different concentrations, as it showed a gradual decrease in the cell survival rates the great concentration where the vital rates reached 61.991.90%,75.273.96%,87.261.68%,93.320.24%,95.250.91%,and 97.140.57%for A549 compared to the normal HdFn cells where the live cells reached (82.600.26%,89.731.49%,94.560.20%,95.171.14%,96.060.91%,and 98.070.46%)respectively.These results confirm the high biological effectiveness of the Co3O4 NPs manufactured from the extract of the Caparison spinosa plant.