Double-Layer Optimal Configuration of Wind–Solar-Storage for Multi-Microgrid with Electricity–Hydrogen Coupling

To address the collaborative optimization challenge in multi-microgrid systems with significant renewable energy integration, this study presents a dual-layer optimization model incorporating power-hydrogen coupling. Firstly, a hydrogen energy system coupling framework including photovoltaics, storage batteries, and electrolysis hydrogen production/fuel cells was constructed at the architecture level to realize the flexible conversion of multiple energy forms. From a modeling perspective, the upper-layer optimization aims to minimize lifecycle costs by determining the optimal sizing of distributed PV systems, battery storage, hydrogen tanks, fuel cells, and electrolyzers within the microgrid. At the lower level, a distributed optimization framework facilitates energy sharing (both electrical and hydrogen-based) across microgrids. This operational layer maximizes yearly system revenue while considering all energy transactions—both inter-microgrid and grid-to-microgrid exchanges. The resulting operational boundaries feed into the upper-layer capacity optimization, with the optimal equipment configuration emerging from the iterative convergence of both layers. Finally, the actual microgrid in a certain area is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.